tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86132469982514524302024-03-05T09:36:18.808-08:00義大利知識網跟一位熱情的義大利人學習正統義大利料理、義大利生活風格、義大利文化、義大利人的思維、義大利人的日常生活習慣、義大利人的幽默、義大利語等等Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.comBlogger78125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-2190087461624947212013-09-01T20:55:00.001-07:002014-03-18T03:36:32.741-07:00BECCAFICO 義式蛋糕店<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; text-align: left;">三月的一個禮拜三下午。從義大利來的朋友逛逛台北,放輕鬆,暫時遺忘在歐洲的一些不愉快的回憶。雖然台灣沒有義大利那種大家認同的慢活感,還是能讓住台北的人可以些許放鬆的地點。這就是台北的優點,不是嗎?在這非常繁榮的環境裡若干奇特的小咖啡廳如繁星般林立。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">身為義大利人,除了判斷某家咖啡廳的裝潢是否獨特之外,他們的咖啡和餐點的品質也是滿重要的!<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">所以我陪他去一家非常舒適的小蛋糕店。看到了正統的提拉米蘇、好吃的半凍冰糕,他臉上就露出了滿足的笑容。至於我,品嚐<span lang="IT">marocchino</span>時,就回想了念大學時期與那時候的好朋友的精彩時光。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 17px;">非常感謝</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 17px;">Beccafico</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 17px;">的蛋糕師傅,讓我們享受如同住在義大利般的美好下午!</span></div>
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BECCAFICO </div>
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台北市杭州南路一段11巷4號</div>
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電話:02-23415218</div>
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營業時間:(一)~(日)12~22</div>
Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-42339464756833721122013-08-20T22:39:00.000-07:002016-03-22T22:01:48.909-07:00李小姐義大利之旅的感想<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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與大家分享李小姐從義大利回來後的感想:<br />
<br />
義大利之旅很不錯!<br />
走的很累啊!台北交通比較方便,在義大利就每天要走很多路,<br />
如果不趕時間是還不錯,房子跟一些小店都蠻有特色的。<br />
但千萬別相信義大利人說的 “15分鐘可以到啦!”通常<br />
要走上至少一小時。<br />
義大利人雖然不善於說英文,但比起法國人, 大部份還是會想辦法<br />
讓遊客了解。<br />
為什麼大部份遊客都不戴帽子或傘?我們都快中暑了呢!<br />
在義大利喝到的咖啡才能算的上是咖啡啊!Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-24484489518052942832013-07-14T20:08:00.002-07:002014-03-18T03:47:23.407-07:00烹飪的若干定義<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">蕃茄珠寶盒</td></tr>
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烹飪真是非常神奇的興趣。烹飪是爲了什麽?<br />
<br />
當然最主要的是爲了填滿肚子。就算人可以吃不少生的食物,但平時還是需要喝個湯、蒸個米!<br />
<br />
烹飪也是爲了謀生:不少人爲了生存開早餐店、麵點、擺小吃攤等。<br />
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烹飪也是藝術的表達:著名的廚師透過味道和顏色的搭配顯出自己的美感和品味。<br />
<br />
烹飪也是爲了好玩:無聊時可以在自己或朋友的廚房裡開個火、煮個東西、切個菜等,好不好吃不是重點,重點是有趣!<br />
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烹飪也是爲了分享:從遠方帶來朋友沒吃過的食材要與他們一起共享。<br />
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烹飪也是爲了拉近關係或鞏固友誼:第一次我做了這一道菜是爲了得到一個女生的芳心,不過後來她還是走了……烹飪雖然很神奇但又不是魔術!!<br />
<br />
蕃茄珠寶盒的食材如下…想瞭解這道菜的做法,很歡迎妳們來上我的絕對義大利烹飪課…<br />
<br />
材料:<br />
4顆牛蕃茄/150 gr水煮鮪魚(罐頭)/2顆雞蛋<br />
1湯匙酸豆 /8條鳀魚(罐頭)/黑胡椒和鹽巴<br />
100 gr 鹹美乃滋<br />
<br />
做法:<br />
1、首先把蕃茄的內陷挖出來,撒鹽巴.<br />
2、準備鮪魚醬:把水煮鮪魚、切碎的雞蛋、切碎的酸豆、鳀魚、<br />
黑胡椒與鹽巴、美乃滋混合。<br />
3、最後以鮪魚醬填滿蕃茄。</div>
Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-65385507688797479352013-05-13T04:18:00.001-07:002014-03-18T03:46:55.864-07:00燉飯與拌飯之對照 <br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">到底何為燉飯?燉飯與炒飯或燴飯的差別在哪裡?我會請教這些問題是因為在台灣的義式餐廳中常見的不是燉飯而是拌飯!雖然大部份台灣廚師都很專業,他們的拌飯確實好吃,但不該隨便掛著「燉飯」之名稱。我覺得這是定義而非概念上的問題。所以,爲了避免誤解,我將要試著定義「燉飯」與「拌飯」這兩個詞語。「燉飯」的「燉」指出做「燉飯」時飯需要慢慢燉;「拌飯」則指的是把煮好的飯與醬和配料一起攪拌。因此這兩個的做法完全不同!而且,很容易看出這兩個的價錢不可能一模一樣的,因為「燉飯」太耗時間了!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">請你們對照以下兩張照片:哪一個是燉飯?哪一個則是拌飯呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">給你們提示(妳看我有多麼的<span lang="EN-US">nice</span>…):燉飯因為是用燉的,所以米飯比較容易入味而會變色…<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-51244600070419821942013-05-12T08:33:00.000-07:002014-03-18T03:38:12.300-07:00SOLO PASTA<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin-LWmvhmNWB3ogQdXZxsUrTmCOgiakydCS0Q7UZg1mhiWDxy9oU5xAGuw-CQrC-vLJCdinLj-wvFCiejPu_7RBOPJZ0Z_-MGKAfJBIhX9tMMKapqL_eLie6bxDLMiY4CGPJGt_riLD94F/s1600/IMG_1444.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin-LWmvhmNWB3ogQdXZxsUrTmCOgiakydCS0Q7UZg1mhiWDxy9oU5xAGuw-CQrC-vLJCdinLj-wvFCiejPu_7RBOPJZ0Z_-MGKAfJBIhX9tMMKapqL_eLie6bxDLMiY4CGPJGt_riLD94F/s200/IMG_1444.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教書的最大成就感來自學生與老師的活動。我非常重視學生的回饋以及喜歡運用若干方式來促進我與他們的交流。所以除了上課的時間之外,我也經常找其他時間與學生聚餐,向他們進一步說明義大利文化和義大利人的生活風格。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">比如說,上個月很開心可以與八個學生一起在台北的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Solo Pasta</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">享受美味的料理,順便解說正統的義大利料理不可或缺的特色。那一天的菜色既豐富又道地,王嘉平師傅沒有讓我的失望…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">前菜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">皮耶蒙熱水澡沙拉</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">、</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">拿坡里超簡單炸海鮮</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">、</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">特大綠蘆筍溫泉蛋佐<span lang="EN-US">36</span>個月帕馬森起司</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">、</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">艾蜜利亞焗牛肚</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">、</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">普利亞茄子千層塔</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">義大利麵:自製香腸肉末炒普利亞貓耳朵麵、巴薩醋燻鴨胸奶油義大利麵、阿瑪菲綜合<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">甜點:檸檬塔與西西里起司卷</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Solo Pasta </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">台北市安和路一段<span lang="EN-US">29-1</span>號 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">電話<span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><a href="tel:02-2775-3645" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13pt;">02-2775-3645</span></a></span></div>
Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-83754079094860070652013-03-06T21:54:00.000-08:002014-03-18T03:47:08.532-07:00視覺vs味覺<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix5mDUHCbc1EfXyUYYVFLwlO2zjtPBEnXNhtB5vOqqwu8gjDxyQ_f5llHDC719XKsIbplVCd4vPVXh4HXPysB1B6iSNU1lPEozEF6bwtKPSZLQ6sszZFRg93zkfdj9J499PsyxYnNZ8AnP/s1600/BREAKFAST+(4).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix5mDUHCbc1EfXyUYYVFLwlO2zjtPBEnXNhtB5vOqqwu8gjDxyQ_f5llHDC719XKsIbplVCd4vPVXh4HXPysB1B6iSNU1lPEozEF6bwtKPSZLQ6sszZFRg93zkfdj9J499PsyxYnNZ8AnP/s400/BREAKFAST+(4).JPG" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: large;">昨天在一家早餐店教老闆和常客兩種口味義大利麵醬。醬做好了之後要撒黑胡椒粉。「老闆,麻煩妳給我黑胡椒粉,謝謝!」「嗯<span lang="IT">~~</span>江老師,不好意思,但是我們這裡只有黑胡椒粒」。我快要發火,卻沒有罵非常可愛的老闆娘,畢竟不是她的錯!<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Tt356XTQUggc3FtrORh6He2pzYiFHV9LGzZb-qfHPQyIDXqzuRgm2U7EcGvQNaWkB_ZGURopW4iPvfmxR34aWRX6jcG38WpQHuY452y9OYGBS97yQ7NqCYj6SjKu48tRQSfsveuw6k32/s1600/BREAKFAST+(5).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Tt356XTQUggc3FtrORh6He2pzYiFHV9LGzZb-qfHPQyIDXqzuRgm2U7EcGvQNaWkB_ZGURopW4iPvfmxR34aWRX6jcG38WpQHuY452y9OYGBS97yQ7NqCYj6SjKu48tRQSfsveuw6k32/s320/BREAKFAST+(5).JPG" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: large;">有些台灣人用餐時,憑視覺而非味覺。黑胡椒粒很粗,所以容易看得到,視覺告訴客人的頭腦「這道菜有黑胡椒粉,而且滿多的,因此好吃!」。不妨想想,爲什麽大部份義大利麵店,不管你們點是哪一種口味的醬,一定會有花椰菜、玉米粒和蘑菇?其實這些食材一點都不影響醬的味道,但是因為看起來好豐富,所以消費者認為好吃。拜託你們,要當不一樣的消費者:更有水準、對義大利料理更有講究的、憑味覺而非視覺的消費者!</span></span></div>
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</span>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-26688287509038380012013-03-06T21:18:00.000-08:002014-03-18T03:41:22.857-07:00PIZZERIA ZOCA<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">在台灣,不管中餐或晚餐都能吃到披薩,顯然披薩是台灣人非常喜歡吃的義大利料理。在義大利卻不一樣,大部份的披薩店只有晚上才營業,因為義大利人中餐不吃披薩。下次去義大利旅行稍微注意一下,就會發現中餐吃披薩的皆是觀光客!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">在台灣也能吃到義大利師傅做的披薩。比方說,在<b>大安區臨江街<span lang="EN-US">106</span>號</b>有一家披薩店名叫<span lang="EN-US"><b>Zoca</b></span>,老闆是娶了台灣美女的義大利披薩師傅,名叫<span lang="EN-US">Federico</span>。他年輕時在蛋糕店工作,退伍以後開始學怎麼做披薩亦在北義的披薩店工作了很久。因為娶了台灣老婆,而且想要實現開自己餐廳的夢想,而搬到台北來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK4m8w-VjBSDwCVGS-t46f3s3VcLfJ9nryVXQpR9bKRaVBNJ8gEqtegazQwa_jOMV91sWQG0QgK_x8digzCVLKWbjreXZwdGCi8eRPZVC9tygzdw9WQ1bWEMNJTanInWsHEByeiqsYIEEV/s1600/pizza+zocca+(3).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK4m8w-VjBSDwCVGS-t46f3s3VcLfJ9nryVXQpR9bKRaVBNJ8gEqtegazQwa_jOMV91sWQG0QgK_x8digzCVLKWbjreXZwdGCi8eRPZVC9tygzdw9WQ1bWEMNJTanInWsHEByeiqsYIEEV/s200/pizza+zocca+(3).JPG" height="150" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">Zoca</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">的披薩口味挺豐富的,多達四十幾種口味。它的價位並不便宜,因為<span lang="EN-US">Federico</span>堅持使用高品質的食材,例如從義大利進口的起司和高檔的橄欖油。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>在他的店裡我終於找到了正統的提拉米蘇。</b>我激動到每吃一口提拉米蘇就掉一滴眼淚,因為它讓我想起魯卡<span lang="EN-US">(</span>住在托斯卡尼的好朋友<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的提拉米蘇。<b>料理除了能填滿肚子,居然也能讓人感動到掉眼淚:太神奇了!!</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-27928197972829244312013-03-06T21:05:00.003-08:002016-03-22T21:59:12.498-07:00義大利的主要特色<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">親愛的義大利文學生,這個短片介紹義大利人的主要特徵:注重家庭關係、愛美女、以時尚為傲、喜歡逛傳統市場、離不開母愛等等,所以我覺得有必要把內容翻成中文與你們分享。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">Da noi in Italia il capofamiglia prende tutte le decisione importanti.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">在義大利所有重大決定都由一家之主做主</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">Amiamo la bellezza, in tutte le sue forme...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">我們愛美的天性顯現在...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">La moda è la nostra bandiera.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">時尚是我們的國旗</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">Abbiamo un’idea tutta nostra dell’economia di mercato.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">我們的市場經濟很有個人獨特的風格</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">Restiamo giovani a lungo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">青春期持續很久</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">E ci teniamo ad essere belli.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">愛漂亮</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">Copiarci non è difficile, è inutile perchè di Italia c’è ne una sola!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">義大利的風格是無法複製的,因為義大利獨一無二!</span></span></div>
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Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-22623951872977638572012-12-15T07:24:00.002-08:002016-03-22T21:59:12.496-07:00義大利人喜歡開玩笑<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA28ckOMNzt3_jDG5INtRbHStQ3uXCyufSRmP4Y4KqCBY33Ezt-JUZQ7armyIymjF1TV7dFJ5QSkDTmdSxE6EWIDrv0FeQt-e8GUnCwKWJPcZpN2Ld0NBYm1XSAN6oxgJUB5F6q40LStCo/s1600/pope+on+twitter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA28ckOMNzt3_jDG5INtRbHStQ3uXCyufSRmP4Y4KqCBY33Ezt-JUZQ7armyIymjF1TV7dFJ5QSkDTmdSxE6EWIDrv0FeQt-e8GUnCwKWJPcZpN2Ld0NBYm1XSAN6oxgJUB5F6q40LStCo/s1600/pope+on+twitter.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #073763;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">義大利人很熱情、很隨性、幽默風趣、喜歡開玩笑,這都是眾所周知的。最近在義大利發生了一件事更加顯示出義大利的民族性以及與華人的差異。上週,住在位於羅馬市的梵蒂岡的教宗,爲了跟隨潮流及給信徒容易親近的印象而開了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Twitter</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">帳號。百分之九十以上自稱是天主教徒的義大利人,聽到了這則新聞有什麽反應呢?理所當然地,無數人把握這個好機會與他們的心靈的引導者聯繫,給他留言。以下是一些例子:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #073763;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">假設我寄給你一箱水瓶,你可以把一箱紅酒瓶寄回來嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #073763;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">既然你有不錯的人脈,可以請問一下爲什麽挪亞讓蚊子進方舟?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #073763;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">若惡魔穿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">Prada</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">,您穿什麽?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">D&G</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #073763;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">既然在梵蒂岡香煙比較便宜,可以請你幫我買幾包嗎?謝謝!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #073763;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">這些留言,有的義大利人覺得好笑,有的覺得好笑是好笑卻太離譜了,少數人覺得十分不得體,有人則建議爲了避免更尷尬的情況,最好限制信徒用拉丁文留言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">...</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="color: #073763;">無論如何,以上例子表示義大利人什麽都敢拿來開玩笑。而華人呢?就算是沒有宗教信仰的人或無神論者,也不會拿宗教領袖,如達賴喇嘛等來開玩笑,這也許是因為華人覺得宗教領袖,甚至是政府領袖,都因為他們的身份而配得到別人的尊重。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="color: #073763;">結論:與義大利人相處時不用太客氣了,想開什麽玩笑,哪怕是你們覺得非常不得體的玩笑,也不用擔心!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-62660741707186770272012-12-12T01:25:00.000-08:002016-03-22T21:59:12.510-07:00歐洲的姓氏跟中國的姓氏的不同<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">隨著民族人數的增加相對的姓氏的數目也會增加。這個現象在歐洲民族中特別明顯,反而華人雖然人很多姓氏卻很少。根據最新的統計,<b>雖然中國的人口超過一萬億人,最常用的姓氏不到三千個</b>,其中只有兩百個由兩個音節組成的;張、王、李和趙是最普邊的,至於張是一億多人的姓。這些計統顯示歐洲跟中國的一個差別,就是<b>歐洲的姓氏又多又不同的,中國的姓氏即不豐富也比較簡單</b>,事實上大部份是由一個音節組成的。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b>名字和姓氏的來源</b><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">名字讓我們分別某一個家庭、某一組中的每個成員。<b>起初的名字跟大自然的現象、神的名字和特質等有關。</b><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">旅行和探索的欲望使人跟其他民族的成員相處。當要對方了解自己的身分需要解釋自己屬於哪個民族和家族,姓氏就是這樣出現的。要介紹自己的身分能用父母的名字</span></span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">「</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">我是</span><span lang="IT" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">...</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">的孩子</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">」</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">、家鄉的名稱</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">「</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">我來自</span><span lang="IT" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">...」</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">、職業</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">「</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">我是做</span><span lang="IT" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">...」</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">等。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b>羅馬帝國的姓氏</b><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">既然羅馬帝國的人口相當多而社會的結構比較複雜。因而,為了確認某個人的身分<b>羅馬人使用三個稱呼</b>
“<span lang="IT">tria nomina</span>”,就是“<span lang="IT">praenomen</span>”名字、“<span lang="IT">gens</span>”豪門家族的稱呼、“<span lang="IT">cognomen</span>”綽號。羅馬帝國被非拉丁人推翻了之後,只有貴族繼續用<span lang="IT">tria nomina</span>,平凡人反而用名字而已。再說,既然從那個時代開始基督教的影響越來越強,大部份的名字跟聖經的人物或基督教的聖人息息相關。比如說,從古代一直到現在,歐洲國家的閱歷報導每天是獻給哪一個聖人;再說,到幾年之前,出生的那一日的聖人的名字就成為小孩子的名字或至少他的第二個名字。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b>非拉丁民族的姓氏</b><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">十一世紀抵在非拉丁民族的統治下,富有的家族的姓氏開始使用屬格結構:父親的姓之前會加<span lang="IT"> de</span>或<span lang="IT">di</span>,如“<span lang="IT">De Magistris</span>”、“<span lang="IT">Di Coste</span>”,“屬於<span lang="IT">Magistris</span>的”、“屬於<span lang="IT">Coste</span>的”;英國民族父親或母親的姓名之後會加<span lang="IT"> –son</span>,如<span lang="IT">Johnson</span>;斯拉扶民族會加 <span lang="IT">–vic</span>、<span lang="IT"> -ig</span>、<span lang="IT">-cic</span>,如<span lang="IT"> Ivancic</span>或<span lang="IT">Petrovic</span>;北歐民族會加<span lang="IT"> –sen</span>、<span lang="IT">-son</span>,如<span lang="IT">Johanssen</span>或<span lang="IT">Petterson</span>;俄國民族會加<span lang="IT">
–ov</span>,如<span lang="IT">Stefanov</span>。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b>義大利的姓氏</b><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在九世紀開始出現義大利的姓氏。原來只有貴族家族才有姓氏,但是從文樹復興的時代以來,普通人也開始用姓氏。但是,只有貴族人把自己的姓遺傳到後代,<b>至於一般人的姓只不過是一種綽號讓別人知道自己的身分。</b>從十八世紀開始,律法規定每個人應該有姓名。有關姓氏的來源的紀錄不夠完整也正確,不過我們認為大概</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">35%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的姓來自父親或祖先的名字,</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">35%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">跟地名有關,</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">15%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">跟祖先的外表的特徵有關,<span lang="IT">10%</span>來自職業,<span lang="IT">3%</span>來自國外的民族,<span lang="IT">2%</span>是給孤兒跟基督教特質有關的姓。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b>義大利的一些奇怪姓氏</b><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">一些姓氏本來是某個人的綽號,因此聽起來不是好笑的就是很難聽的髒話。<b>所以,最近越來越多義大利人想改變姓氏。</b>一些姓氏跟水果有關,例如<span lang="IT">Pera(</span>梨子)、<span lang="IT">Ananas(</span>鳳梨)、<span lang="IT">Peperoni(甜椒</span>)、<span lang="IT">Piselli(青</span>豆仁)、<span lang="IT">Meloni(</span>香瓜)、<span lang="IT">Carota(紅</span>蘿蔔);一些姓氏跟女性男性的器官有關,如<span lang="IT">Pene(陽物)、Tetta(乳頭)、Zizzadoro(</span></span></span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">「</span><span lang="IT" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">金」乳頭)、Figa(陰部)、Vagina(陰道)、Culetto(小屁股)、Sederino(小屁股)、Chiappa(屁股「頰」)</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">;一些跟色情有關,如</span><span lang="IT" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Orgasmo(性高潮)、Bocchino(口交)、Pompini</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">(口交)</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">;一些就是真正的髒話,如</span><span lang="IT" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Frocione(同性戀)、Zoccolella(小妓女)、Piscione(大小便者)、Troia</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">(妓女)</span><span lang="IT" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">、Zoccola</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">(妓女)</span><span lang="IT" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">、Maniaco(色狼)</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">;</span><span lang="IT" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Contacessi(數馬桶者)、Tumore(癌癥)、Rutto(打嗝)、Spazzolini(牙刷)、Gratis(免費)、Strozzacapra(掐山羊者)、Senzaquattrini(缺錢者)</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">等等。</span><br />
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif";">我的姓是<span lang="IT">Zecchino</span>。我的姓來自<span lang="IT">Francesco</span>,就是義大利天主教的主要聖人的名字。這個名字經過了很多變化,先縮短為<span lang="IT">Cesco</span>,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif";">再</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif";">來變成<span lang="IT">Cecco</span>,最後因為南部方言的影響變成<span lang="IT">Zecco</span>。按照其他的研究,<span lang="IT">Zecchino</span>這個性,來自一種在中世紀很普邊的貨幣的名字。父母給孩子這個名字來強調他們的孩子的寶貴性。</span></span></div>
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Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-35213980443099845592012-10-22T20:31:00.001-07:002016-03-22T21:58:44.002-07:00全語言教學觀<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="font-size: large;">中國人說「見樹不見林」,過度注意結構、強調語言的語音、語法、語義系統的教學法,忽略語言是個整體、無法控制的現象,過度的分類反而會導致學習速度減慢。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="font-size: large;">根據<span lang="EN-US">Goodman</span>,語言的符號系統是個媒介,用以傳達意義,因此語言的核心就是語義,溝通是語言發展和習得的動機。<span lang="EN-US">Goodman</span>認為下列因素使語言學習變得容易:真實又自然的情景和完整、有意義、可以理解的語言。這兩個是日常生活的一部份,是學習者自己想學的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="font-size: large;">根據「交易模式」,冒險以及冒險所導致的錯誤被視為是學習過程中的必要和必然現象。「學習社群」:互動性的活動使學習能夠自動化,並能引發較高的學習動機。 學生透過參與、溝通、分享、合作、共同解決問題、滿足個別和團體的需要,向自己和全體負責,使個人和團體均能改變、進步、成長(<span lang="EN-US">Dewey,1943</span>)。這種學習模式的前提是,師生以及學生期間的互相尊重和信任。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">According to Freire (1970), students are not “banks”into which teachers “deposit”knowledge, but that learning must have a relationship to students’needs and interests. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">I would say students’ needs, interests and actual life.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="font-size: large;">我在意大利念中文系時,一直都有快要爆炸的感覺。那時我腦袋裡有很多語法規則、詞彙、漢字、文化知識等,但卻都無法運用出來。我想,應該是因為這些語言跟我當時的生活無關,太過抽象,因而用不出來。</span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"></span>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-39288601886184770412012-10-21T21:24:00.000-07:002016-03-22T21:58:44.009-07:00我學習漢字的策略<br />
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<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: 0cm;">爲了學習怎麼寫漢字,大量操練不可缺少。因為寫字與識字之間有很大的差距,寫字除了要會認之外也要實際動手練習,要不然漢字就算學了很久還是會寫得很難看。至於識字的策略,我最常用的是部件法,例如從部件來猜字的意思,或對照兩個相似的漢字。另外的方法是「漢字聯想」:這個方法符合人腦的認知,將有相關性的漢字歸納於一個邏輯框架裏,便於舉一反三。</span></div>
<br />Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-84397144127338662022012-08-28T22:05:00.000-07:002016-03-22T21:59:32.821-07:00La voce del silenzio 靜默之聲<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxL3RIHJCtQBlKpGfbyOZdLGdOZJ6tL1J67OhmXiyWOjoRwYjDm8v1UK-YuPDQ5pMV-uuWOevQYupTUyoZSfA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">Volevo stare un pò da sola</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">本來想要獨處一會兒</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">per pensare e tu lo sai</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">好好思索,你知道的。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">ed ho sentito nel silenzio</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">靜默中聽到</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">una voce dentro me</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">一個聲音,在我裏面;</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">e tornan vive troppe cose</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">太多事就這麼又鮮活了回來,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">che credevo morte ormai</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">那些,我以為已死的事。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">e chi ho tanto amato</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">我深深愛過的人啊,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">dal mare del silenzio</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">從靜默之海</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">ritorna come un'onda nei miei occhi</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">像海浪般回到我眼前。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">e quello che mi manca</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">我所想念的,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">nel mare del silenzio</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">在靜默之海裏,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">mi manca sai, molto di più.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">你知道,是我更想念的。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">Ci sono cose in un silenzio</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">靜默裏有一些</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">che non m'aspettavo mai,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">根本意想不到的事,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">vorrei una voce</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">好想,好想要一個聲音。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">ed improvvisamente</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">突然間</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">ti accorgi che il silenzio</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">你發現靜默</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">ha il volto delle cose che hai perduto</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">具有你所失去的東西的面孔,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">ed io ti sento amore,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">然後我,深深地感覺到--你,我的愛人,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">ti sento nel mio cuore</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">在心裡體會到你。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">stai riprendendo il posto che</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">你,重新回到了那個</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">tu non avevi perso mai,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">從來沒有失去的位置,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">che non avevi perso mai,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">從來不曾失去的位置,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">che non avevi perso mai.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">從來就是你的位置。</span></div>
Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-62200852348083601482012-06-24T07:40:00.001-07:002016-03-22T21:58:44.024-07:00建構主義與情景學習<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0xcxTFrPZlaNwj0PPr1VogeJzABy3teYnmfyhkR9PMcDKz2V07GKa-TwWTZydULZwj2WD2BpeyVotMGuVfNL7RfDQ7pQtMeiaNK18R31N3-5AnHYOIUlJiKvB3IQlkw_XD2JOQhDPdOXp/s1600/mistake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0xcxTFrPZlaNwj0PPr1VogeJzABy3teYnmfyhkR9PMcDKz2V07GKa-TwWTZydULZwj2WD2BpeyVotMGuVfNL7RfDQ7pQtMeiaNK18R31N3-5AnHYOIUlJiKvB3IQlkw_XD2JOQhDPdOXp/s320/mistake.jpg" width="241" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">情景認知在教學應用上,有三點特色:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: large;">1. 重視學習情景的設計</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: large;">2. 強調學習者主動積極的角色</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: large;">學習者應該經常反思,深入思考自己的難點有哪些、有效學習策略是什麼等等。除此之外,也要跟老師一同決定教學的內容和方法。教師只擔任教練、引導者的角色。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: large;">3. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: large;">重視「錯誤」對學習的貢獻:因為在修正錯誤的過程中,學習成為一個更有意識的歷程。(同化、重建、省思)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: large;">容忍錯誤不但維護學生的自信,也有助於省思,因而學習者經過了省思的過程,就會有深刻的新體悟。So, making mistakes is part of the learning process.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: large;">行為主義強調正確性,學習者要盡力避免錯誤,以免養成錯誤的習慣。但是這種學習方法會增加學習者的焦慮,降低學生的主動性。教師反而應該鼓勵學習者勇於嘗試,在課堂上建立互相信任和尊重的氣氛,透過幽默克服犯錯所造成的尷尬場面。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">根據Chan,1992,Collins所提出的模仿、教練和省思等方法,分別是發生在學習的早、中、晚三個階段。我倒是覺得高級生也需要不斷的模仿,初級生也需要反思,只是模仿或反思的內容在各個階段有所不同。比如說,初級生需要模仿的是發音,高級生需要模仿的則是母語者的書面語言或幽默表達。</span></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-42292229857683348772012-06-06T07:12:00.000-07:002012-06-06T07:12:04.964-07:00Claire的故事<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">我的工作經常讓我遇到有趣的人和奇特的故事。今天的故事雖然悲傷,卻讓人打從心底發出一股溫暖的感覺。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">昨天晚上<span lang="EN-US">8</span>點接到的我台中朋友名叫<span lang="EN-US">Titi</span>的電話:「<span lang="EN-US">Giancarlo</span>,你最近都好嗎?」<span lang="EN-US">Titi</span>是我<span lang="EN-US">2010</span>年冬天認識的台中女孩子。她參加我跟<span lang="EN-US">Massimo</span>和<span lang="EN-US">Gigi</span>老師所辦的義大利文化活動。<span lang="EN-US">2010</span>年的過年我們安排學生以義大利文表演戲劇,<span lang="EN-US">Titi</span>那一天負責音響。後來那一年的夏天她又參加了我們辦的義大利文歌唱比賽。她對義大利文化充滿興趣和熱情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">我們閒聊了一下,然後她跟我說:「我前老闆廖先生想要找一個會講中文的義大利人。他的一個朋友中風了,變成了植物人。她的男朋友是義大利人,明天會到台灣來,但是他中文和英文都不會講,你願意幫忙嗎?我可以把你電話傳給廖先生嗎?」我當然答應了。沒多久廖先生的電話來了:「江先生,我是<span lang="EN-US">Titi</span>的朋友<span lang="EN-US">…</span>」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">原來,中風的女生名叫<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Cindy Lin</span>小姐是<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>的好朋友,她從<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>的弟弟得知<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>的義大利男朋友要來台灣,就跟廖先生聯絡,先告訴他<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>的事情,又問:「你從義大利進口廚俱,應該會講義大利文或認識會講義大利文的人吧?」廖先生就跟<span lang="EN-US">Titi</span>聯絡,因為她會說義大利文,但是她人在台中,不方便來台北,所以想到了我。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">今天早上十一點,廖先生的朋友的同事來師大載我去振興醫院。在醫院我看到了<span lang="EN-US">Lorenzo</span>,<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>的義大利男朋友。他收到他女朋友的消息立刻請假買機票。這是他第一次來台灣,可惜不是來玩<span lang="EN-US">…</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">不知道她美麗的台灣女朋友是否會醒過來,因此早上在醫院的氣氛滿沉重的,大家都悶悶不樂。除了他之外,我也遇到<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>的父母。她爸爸藉著我的幫忙向女兒的男朋友說了一些發自內心感人的話:「我告訴她你來了,她沒有講話,已經昏迷了一個禮拜,但是有反應,看來很開心,謝謝你從那麼遠的地方來關心她。以前她常常提到你,很高興今天我們終於可以認識,可惜<span lang="EN-US">…</span>」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Claire</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">在<span lang="EN-US">Deco</span>雜誌上班。六年前由於迷戀上歐洲文化,所以開始學德文、法文和義大利文。後來,她決定放棄前兩者,專注於義大利文。從此每年去義大利三次。她最愛的城市就是威尼斯;就在這裡,三年前她遇到了<span lang="EN-US">Lorenzo</span>。之後,四十二歲的她決定離職,自己創業,向爸爸證明她有多麼能幹,以後她還打算搬到歐洲去。可惜上個禮拜一下班後,<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>回家時突然覺得頭痛,立刻被爸爸送到醫院去,但是已經來不及了。原來她竟得了腦癌!腫瘤破了,她就中風了,成為植物人。最近幾年<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>一直覺得頭很痛,但是因為工作太忙碌,所以都沒有好好照顧自己的身體。醫生開第一次刀時,因為血壓太高而無法繼續動手術,今天在等血壓降低一點才能動第二次手術。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">「她一直以來很遺憾沒有去倫敦念博士,以後打算去歐洲<span lang="EN-US">…</span>」她爸爸在我面前哭了起來。那時我感到一股深沈的無力感,不知道要接什麽話才好。我很想給他一個擁抱,但怕他因此潰堤大哭。心裡感嘆著,生命真脆弱!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">醫生說<span lang="EN-US">Claire</span>的狀態非常不理想,好像沒有希望。<span lang="EN-US">Lorenzo</span>從義大利帶了兩片她喜歡聽的歌手的專輯,她會不會醒過來呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">這一次我才深深體會到幫別人翻譯可以是多麼偉大的事!學習外語真值得,不但可以幫助人,還能學到不少寶貴的事:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">一、生命很珍貴,所以不管多忙還是要好好照顧自己和身邊的人的健康;</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">二、患難中見真情:<span lang="EN-US">Lorenzo</span>的行動大大感動了我的心。不管他女朋友會不會再與他會合,他還是願意從那麼遠的地方飛到台灣來,在她身邊陪伴她,給她力量,這是不是忠貞的愛情呢?而且他的行為證明了義大利男生不全都是花心的,能對愛人既忠心,又深情。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Claire</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,真希望妳身邊的人的溫情可以讓妳度過這個艱難的時段,趕快恢復,實現妳搬到歐洲的夢想。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-14294950107561611462012-06-05T06:35:00.002-07:002016-03-22T21:59:12.493-07:00個體主義與集體主義<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Catherine Konsky</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,<span lang="EN-US">Suraj Kapoor</span>,<span lang="EN-US">Janet Blue</span>,<span lang="EN-US">Jong Kang</span>和<span lang="EN-US">John Baldwin</span>的研究的結果顯示,判斷某個社會是否為個體主義還是集體主義的確不容易,因為研究時需要考慮的可變因素太多:年齡、學位、性別、職業等。所以,不少學者同意,個體主義與集體主義這個分裂無法反映出事實,根本是不恰當的。對<span lang="EN-US">Triandis</span>來說,人人偶爾表現個體主義價值,偶爾表現集體主義價值。比方說,集體主義的人還是會跟不屬於他們集體的人競爭。同樣,個體主義的人還是會努力跟自己的家人維持和諧。此外,一些研究顯示成人和女人,無論屬於哪一種社會,都有集體主義的傾向。因此,沒有甚麼社會是絕對的個體主義或者集體主義。然而,一些學者試圖以集體主義與個體主義來分類社會。比方說,按照<span lang="EN-US">Hofstede</span>的研究,美國、澳大利亞、英國、加拿大、荷蘭社會是個體主義,台灣、中國、祕魯、哥倫比亞、委內瑞拉與巴基斯坦則是集體主義。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: large;">個體主義和集體主義的價值觀<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: large;">按照<span lang="EN-US">Schwartz</span>的觀點,個體主義社會體現的價值是分開與獨立;屬於這種社會的人追求個人成就,把野心、成功、才幹、勢力、娛樂、創造力、自由、好奇心、自尊、精采與刺激的生活視為要緊的價值。集體主義社會則強調的是家庭、忠心與互相依賴。集體主義社會體現的價值是誠實、忠誠、責任感、原諒、忠誠的友誼、協助、愛心、服從、虔誠、謙虛、謙卑、溫和、禮貌、自制、敬重長輩、遵守傳統與接受命運。然而必要強調此分類不是絕對的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: large;">個體主義的特徵<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoivS81k6gEzvPliqxNvSKyV8jAGJ9yGDec9vo1x_dwZKrRFEvQBiEdlRtcMY9MhHZDuo__HTa9HnB6YarvZGwQTtEE0Tc5oP-1g9UK6pNRU1H1zuNEKS9A6RiTU19AZngdxYkG25yaGki/s1600/individualismo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoivS81k6gEzvPliqxNvSKyV8jAGJ9yGDec9vo1x_dwZKrRFEvQBiEdlRtcMY9MhHZDuo__HTa9HnB6YarvZGwQTtEE0Tc5oP-1g9UK6pNRU1H1zuNEKS9A6RiTU19AZngdxYkG25yaGki/s1600/individualismo.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: large;">個體主義以個人的利益為中心。每個人在獨立以及只有能得到具體好處的條件下,才跟別人保持關係。屬於個體主義社會的人很有自信心,不怕跟別人競爭。<b>個體主義社會從小教養他們的孩子追求自己的目標和利益,盡快獨立,依靠自己。</b>孩子反對父母的意見,也不令人意外,因為個體主義鼓勵每個人培養自己的看法,體現自己的個性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: large;">集體主義的特徵<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: large;">集體主義則把集體的利益放在首位。每個人把自己視為集體的成員,因而努力尊重別人以及跟其他成員合作。<b>在集體主義社會長大的人,從小依賴別人,並且避免跟集體的其他成員有衝突。</b>只有總是聽話的小朋友才被視為很乖巧。<b>事實上,因為能威脅團體和諧,獨立的精神和個人思想被視為又危險又不正常的行為。</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-47445381520614429802012-06-03T04:30:00.000-07:002016-03-22T21:58:44.011-07:00「作」與「做」的對比分析<br />
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「我可以和你做個朋友嗎?」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「你的作業做完了沒?」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「跟你說喔,我昨天做了一個很奇怪的夢耶<span lang="EN-US">……</span>」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「我的事我可以自己作主,不用你操心。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「我不喜歡像他那種做作的人。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;">前言<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「作」和「做」這兩個發音完全相同的近義詞,皆可用來表達從事於某種活動的意思,但其中仍有用法上的細微差別,且用以表示其他意義的時候,使用的方法及詞語配搭也都不盡相同。究竟是「作夢」還是「做夢」?「作朋友」還是「做朋友」?「作主」還是「做主」?「當作」還是「當做」?別說是外籍生們搞不清楚,就算是身為華語母語者,也經常分不出兩個「<span lang="EN-US">zuò</span>」字的差異何在。除了一些固定的搭配如「做作」、「動作」、「做客」等詞語不會產生太大的混淆之外,面對「作」、「做」二字,台灣人通常僅憑藉模糊的語感來選字,造成別字混用的現象十分常見。近義詞用法詞典裡雖然有將這組詞列入,不過說明並不是那麼地明確,無法提供教學者清楚的指引。因此,本文首先從字源來就二字的字形與字義進行辨異,然後討論二字個別的構詞方法,再透過分析中央研究院現代漢語標記語料庫的語料,並參照各近義詞書來整理歸納「作」、「做」慣用的搭配,最後嘗試提出華語教學上的解釋,以期對第二語言學習者能有所裨益。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;">一、 構詞方法<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">〈一〉作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">就構詞方式而言,「作」是個不定位語素。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">可位於前面,如:作案、作保、作弊、作成、作對、作古、作怪、作假、作價、作亂、作美、作難、作弄、作陪、作色、作廢、作風、作家、作品、作數、作態、作息、作罷、作爲、作文、作物、作業、作用、作戰、作者、作法、作主等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">也可放在後面,如:著作、創作、寫作、佳作、傑作、巨作、原作、工作、合作、運作、動作、稻作、耕作、操作、製作、仿作、振作、用作、著作、發作、炒作、造作、做作、處女作、代表作等。<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">〈二〉做<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">從構詞的角度來探討,「做」也是個不定位語素。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">可位於前面,如:做法、做主、做工、做客、做夢、做媒、做東、做官、做飯、做派、做親、做事、做壽、做作、做學問、做生意、做賊心虛等。亦可放在後面,如:叫做、訂做、倣做、好吃懶做、假戲真做等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> 由上述構詞情形來看,我們可以發現:以「做」為結尾的名詞比以「作」為結尾的名詞明顯地少了許多。而這點從現代漢語的詞頻統計當中也能看出:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">見表<span lang="EN-US">1-1.</span>表<span lang="EN-US">1-2)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表<span lang="EN-US">1-1)</span>現代漢語個別詞的頻率<span lang="EN-US"> Word frequency: </span>做<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">80508 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">0.000 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="height: 4.55pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">97.986<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表<span lang="EN-US">1-2)</span>現代漢語個別詞的頻率<span lang="EN-US"> Word frequency: </span>作</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: -8.3pt; text-align: justify; width: 472px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 47.15pt;" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">No <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.4pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Rank <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Word <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Frequency <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 66.4pt;" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Percent <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 63.45pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Cumulation <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 47.15pt;" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">8549 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.4pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">8435 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作<span lang="EN-US">(Na)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">53 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 66.4pt;" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">0.001 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 63.45pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">83.589<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 47.15pt;" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">66729 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.4pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">57995 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作<span lang="EN-US">(Nv) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 66.4pt;" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">0.000 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 63.45pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">97.349<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 47.15pt;" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">140559 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 40.4pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">93826 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作<span lang="EN-US">(Na)[+p1]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 66.4pt;" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">0.000 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 63.45pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">99.489<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> 條列出兩個「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">zuò</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">」字</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">的詞語後,不免會讓人覺得好像是「作」比較通用,其實這是由於跟「作」一起用的固定語詞較多的緣故。在字源探討的部分也提到:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「作」字是古字,較文(書面色彩較重)、較遠;「做」字是後起字,較白(口語色彩鮮明)、較近。所以在一些四字格的成語中,較常見的固定配搭為「作」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">;而「做」並不如「作」有那麼多固定的語詞,通常是在作動詞短語的情況下使用。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;">二、 詞語搭配<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">從以上的分析得知,兩個</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「<span lang="EN-US">zuò</span>」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">都可用於表示從事某種活動。但依照後面所接的詞語之不同,選用的字也會不一樣。比方說「做」會固定接在「做生意」、「做事」、「做頭髮」、「做節目」、「做翻譯」、「做買賣」的前面,但是「作」的話,能接的就是「作調查」、「作分析」、「作出努力」等組合。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">有關「作」跟「做」的特殊搭配如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">〈一〉<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作的搭配</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表示發生、發作、興起、出現,用「作」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">如:槍聲大作、雷雨大作、一股作氣、作怪等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表示當作、作為,用「作」。如:過期作廢、拜他作老師。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表示裝出某種樣子或製造出某種情況,用「作」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">如:弄虛作假、扭捏作態、裝模作樣。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「作」在詞語中表示創造的作品,如:大作、近作、拙作、遺作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表示寫作〈或與寫作有關〉,用「作」。如:作文、作詩、作曲、作畫。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">但有時也可以用「做」。</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">如:做文章。<u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">〈二〉<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">做</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">的搭配</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表示運用原始材料製造成為可供使用的物品,用「做」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">如:做家具、做衣服、做飯。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表示結成某種關係時,用「做」。如:做朋友、做兄弟、做夫妻。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表示當作什麼用途時,一般用「做」。如:做原料、拿他的信來做證明。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">不過現在也可見到用「作」的情況。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表示「充當」、「擔任職務」,用 「做」。<b><u>然而近幾年也有用「作」的情形出現。</u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">如:做老師的、做爸爸的、做父母、做個好學生、做謂語。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">也可以寫成:作老師的、作爸爸的、作父母、作個好學生、作謂語。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">〈三〉作、做通用</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">的搭配<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">如:作主、作東、作法、製作<span lang="EN-US">≒</span>做主、做東、做法、製做<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">首先將「作」和「做」適用的語義性質整理如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表<span lang="EN-US">2)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify; width: 584px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">從事活動<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">擔任<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">寫作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">製造<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">結成關係<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">用做<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">發生<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作為當作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">假裝<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作品<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">做<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.5pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.55pt;" valign="top" width="53"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">接下來分列出二字容易被混淆的搭配:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表<span lang="EN-US">3)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify; width: 581px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">文章<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">曲<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">買賣<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">翻譯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">朋友<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">夢<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">弊<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">調查<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">分析<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">△<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">做<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">上表打</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; font-size: 13pt;">O</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">的欄位都是在中央研究院的平衡語料庫裡確定搜尋不到資料的組合,但其中「<span lang="EN-US">~</span>夢」,語料庫分別出現了作夢<span lang="EN-US">(35</span>筆<span lang="EN-US">)</span>和做夢<span lang="EN-US">(20</span>筆<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。這與《<span lang="EN-US">1700</span>對近義詞語用法對比》認為作夢是錯誤的,做夢才是正確的情況有所出入。而</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">《辭海》裡針對「做夢」的說明,提到所指的是人在睡眠時,大腦意識所釋放出的種種不真實形象,也用來比喻幻想、白日夢,引申有「癡心妄想」的意涵;「作夢」一詞則未在詞書裡出現。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">一般對於兩個「<span lang="EN-US">zuò</span>」的區別方法是:「作」可帶動詞賓語,也可帶抽象的、書面語色彩濃厚的名詞作賓語;「做」則常需要具體的、有材料的情況,傾向於帶口語色彩明顯的名詞或代詞作賓語。然而</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">所謂的抽象與具象,其實不過也是「大致的分野」。這兩個字很多時候都已經混用了,有些只好死記。比方說夢很抽象,但只要你記得的話,你可以具體描述你的夢境,筆者們認為這樣或許稍可解釋為什麼應該要用「做夢」而不是「作夢」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;">三、 「作」與「做」的英譯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「作」與「做」皆有若干意義,其中近似的情況很多。下表敘述二個</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「<span lang="EN-US">zuò</span>」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">最常被使用的語義及其在華語文教材裡可能的英文翻譯:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">表<span lang="EN-US">4)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">中文<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.1pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">英文<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">範例<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">從事活動<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.1pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">to
do</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">、<span lang="EN-US">to make</span>、<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">to
carry on <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作調查<span lang="EN-US">→to carry on a survey<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作分析<span lang="EN-US">→to make an analysis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">做生意<span lang="EN-US">→to do business<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">擔任<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.1pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">to
be<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">做老師<span lang="EN-US">→to be a teacher<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">結成關係<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.1pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">to
be<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">做朋友<span lang="EN-US">→to be friend<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作為<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">to
regard as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">拜他作老師<span lang="EN-US">→regard him as a teacher<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">製造<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.1pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">to
make<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">做衣服<span lang="EN-US">→to make clothes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">做法<span lang="EN-US">/</span>作法<span lang="EN-US">→</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">method of work;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">way of doing or
making a thing</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">用做<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.1pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">to
take as</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">、<span lang="EN-US">to use as<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">做原料<span lang="EN-US">→to take as raw material<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.8pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">創造<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.1pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">to
write</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">、<span lang="EN-US">to compose<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 226.2pt;" valign="top" width="302"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作文<span lang="EN-US">→to write a composition<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作詩<span lang="EN-US">→to write poetry<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">作曲<span lang="EN-US">→to compose<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;">四、 教學解釋<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">想要找出什麼是最適合學生的教學方法,就必須先從學生常犯的錯誤為出發點來思考,外籍生們在寫</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「<span lang="EN-US">zuò</span>」的時候,經常會有</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">把「做飯、作業做完了、做翻譯、做夢、做朋友、做工、做衣服」等「做」寫成「作」的錯誤。而此種近義詞的混淆,是在初級或中級階段的學生比較不容易犯的,反而是高級生們比較容易出現的問題。事實上,一般外籍生在學習華語的過程中,首先會接觸到做事的「做」如「做飯」這樣相對簡單的詞語,到了中級才會學到工作的「作」如「作業、作文、作者」等,最後才會碰到諸如「做夢、作證、作弊」一類比較高階的詞彙。而隨著詞彙量的增加,學生將字混淆使用的比例也愈來愈高。那麼華語教師們應該利用什麼策略預防並且控制此現象呢?本文提出以下幾個建議:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">提供清楚簡單的概念以幫助學生區分兩個</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「<span lang="EN-US">zuò</span>」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">字的用法。比方說,教師於授課時可強調「做」便是用於表示某種關係或製造的意思,如「做飯、做衣服、做朋友、做兄弟、做夫妻」等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">針對例外的部分,如「作分析、作調查」的詞彙,因為沒有任何認知原則而只好要求學生盡量死背。教師於課堂中,遇到這樣在原則之外的組合時,必須引起學生的注意,反覆提醒以協助複習。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">此外,教師亦可先分析學生經常混淆的搭配,再設計一些改錯字的練習,來幫助強化學生們對於這些字的掌握。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">至於近義詞兩種字都可以使用的搭配,除非是學生先提出疑問,否則教師可以不用提出任何進一步的解釋,以免過度複雜的說明造成學生的困擾及誤用。讓學生自然地發現這種搭配並內化到其認知結構裡,是最好的選擇。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;">結語</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">套句<u>張大春</u>先生說的話:「這兩個先後出現差了<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" sourcevalue="1" tcsc="1" unitname="兩" w:st="on">一兩</st1:chmetcnv>千年的字,早就被相互誤用、混用成一個字了。我們只能在個別習見的詞彙裡看見大家常用的用法……。」畢竟語言就是約定俗成的,原本有所規範的字,時間久了最後也會積非成是。因此本文僅能針對目前的語言使用情形,試圖找出「作」、「做」二字某種程度上的區分規則,以協助華語學習者掌握此組近義詞大體的概念。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">下面再次重述兩個「<span lang="EN-US">zuò</span>」主要的區分原則:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「作」</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">─較為抽象事物的製造或活動,或者書面語色彩較重的詞語,多半用「作」,例如:作罷、作廢、作對、作亂等。四字格成語也幾乎都用「作」,如:作惡多端、為虎作倀、胡作非為、作奸犯科、作繭自縛、作威作福……。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">另外,筆者們有個小小的歸納,如果與</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「<span lang="EN-US">zuò</span>」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">合起來會變成一個名詞詞語,通常用「作」,如:作品、作文、寫作、作家、工作等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「做」</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">─具體東西的製造,大部分會有可見的材料,也通常是每個人易於描述的事。例如:做飯、做手工藝、做桌子、做文章</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">。另外,一般對話中要表示「執行」的意思,也會比較常使用「做」。就像我們耳熟能詳的問句:「做好了沒?」或是「做得怎麼樣了?」都是。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">「作」與「做」是音完全同、用法部分相同、意思有點同又有點不同的近義詞」。每種語言總有這樣的易混淆詞,母語者可以約略從語感來進行判斷,但對於第二語言學習者而言,近義詞必然是學習上的難點,因為它們看起來很像,但實際用起來又有些許差異,並不能完全互換。可是想學好一種語言,一定是要面對它們的。而針對如何解決這樣的學習窒礙,筆者們的建議是,華語教師可要求學生自行準備一本筆記本,把所遇到的近義詞組寫下來,遇到一組寫一組,有不明白的就查字典或問老師,再試著自己造句子請老師批改,物必要確定學生自己清楚近義詞的不同之處。如此慢慢累積,這些語言知識和用法就會內化為自身的語感,進而運用自如。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;">參考文獻</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">《漢語常易錯字辨析》,胡志勇,北京:中國青年出版社,<span lang="EN-US">1996</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">《漢語近義詞典》,王還主編,北京:語言大學出版社,<span lang="EN-US">2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">《<span lang="EN-US">1700</span>對近義詞語用法對比》,楊寄洲、賈永芬,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">北京:語言大學出版社,<span lang="EN-US">2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">《學漢語用例詞典》,劉川平主編,北京:語言大學出版社,<span lang="EN-US">2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">《<span lang="EN-US">8000</span>詞詞典》,劉鐮力主編,北京:語言大學出版社,<span lang="EN-US">2000<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;">參考網站</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">漢典
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.zdic.net/">http://www.zdic.net/</a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">中央研究院現代漢語語料庫詞頻統計<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://elearning.ling.sinica.edu.tw/CWordfreq.html">http://elearning.ling.sinica.edu.tw/CWordfreq.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">中央研究院現代漢語標記語料庫<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://dbo.sinica.edu.tw/SinicaCorpus/">http://dbo.sinica.edu.tw/SinicaCorpus/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;">中央研究院中文詞彙描述系統</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://wordsketch.ling.sinica.edu.tw/">http://wordsketch.ling.sinica.edu.tw/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-64745621112431882642012-05-31T06:19:00.000-07:002016-03-22T21:59:12.515-07:00義大利諺語與義大利人的價值觀<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">往往諺語顯出說該語言的民族的價值觀。義大利諺語關於義大利人的價值觀顯露什麽呢?本文將要談及有關於自由、健康、友誼和誠實的義大利諺語。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQCTmJECsGlUaa2cf8PCjDNctRoGDERDNOHR5d3Z1p6JdlxHORgdMISOwt-V2KItP2xTjjFexthL3fB2_lS52Llq9oGH9WQcl4fNVJlXbocWsLL-N0Os9FWMhj4BTWtfczzSf7-w-niS05/s1600/salute.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQCTmJECsGlUaa2cf8PCjDNctRoGDERDNOHR5d3Z1p6JdlxHORgdMISOwt-V2KItP2xTjjFexthL3fB2_lS52Llq9oGH9WQcl4fNVJlXbocWsLL-N0Os9FWMhj4BTWtfczzSf7-w-niS05/s1600/salute.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">自由與健康〈<span lang="IT">Libertà e Salute</span>〉<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">義大利人把這兩個價值觀都放在首位,並且從諺語的分析就能看出這兩個價值觀是息息相關的。接下來的兩例子就證明這一點:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sanità e libertà valgono più di una città</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>健康與自由比個城市更寶貴。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">以上</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">諺語把健康和自由連在一起,好像主張這兩個都一樣要緊、並不能缺少的。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Chi è sano e non è in prigione, se si rammarica, non ha ragione</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>很健康並且不坐牢的人無權利抱怨。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">這個諺語也強調擁有健康與自由的人是有福的。他們根本沒有權利抱怨甚麼因為他們擁有的是人人都確不能缺少的兩個基本因素。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">義大利諺語幾次強調健康是無價之寶,例如:</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Chi ha la salute è ricco e non lo sa</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">很健康的人自己不知道是個富人。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">La salute non si paga con la valuta</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>金錢買不到健康。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">事實上,就算某個人很有錢但是健康不許他享受他的財富,財務究竟有甚麼用處呢?</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">好幾個常用的諺語也指出自由的重要性。例如:</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">È meglio esser capo di una lucertola che coda di dragone</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>當龍的尾巴比不上當蜥蜴的頭。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjREtNzoK2ZLyAuw-Pg8OmbAbA_5BZ3e-lSfLE-ZEjeCtTahP7Zl7ss0a-yOG8FboZzuGe3teNpGN2s4qm0wZShMkFALpq94byFtOrrqLrQWqqtb3WP0sqnnXEJOSe2eJWORUF0Xpq2sJQA/s1600/liberta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjREtNzoK2ZLyAuw-Pg8OmbAbA_5BZ3e-lSfLE-ZEjeCtTahP7Zl7ss0a-yOG8FboZzuGe3teNpGN2s4qm0wZShMkFALpq94byFtOrrqLrQWqqtb3WP0sqnnXEJOSe2eJWORUF0Xpq2sJQA/s1600/liberta.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">義大利的經濟有代表性的現象之一就是家企業。可見,義大利人寧願當自己的公司的小老闆,也不要在人家的公司擔任很高的地位。做決定的權利、規劃自己的前途、獨立地選擇自己的工作方式等因素,對義大利人都挺重要的。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Meglio un’ocia di libertà che dieci libbre d’oro</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>一盎司自由勝過十磅金。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">自由像健康一樣有個絕對的、無可否認的價值。只有在自由的環境裡人可以享受以及增加自己的財物。因此,可以說自由是優先的條件。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Meglio uccel di bosco che uccel di gabbia</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>寧願當森林的小鳥也不要當被關起來的小鳥。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">上面的諺語提倡不保守的生活。保守的生活帶來安全感,但是好像一支被關起來的小鳥一樣卻缺乏自由,因而又無聊又無趣。不保守的人的確常常冒危險,不過他們的生活又精采又刺激的。此諺語聯想到另一個諺語,就是:</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Uomo ammogliato, uccello in gabbia</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>已婚的男子好像被關起來的小鳥。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">已婚的男子的生活不夠精采,一來他身邊每天有同一個女生,二來他要承擔的責任相當多,最後做決定時要先考慮老婆的意見和感受。因此,他的動作和選擇很受限制,像一支被關起來的小鳥不能自由地走來走去,也不能獨立地決定走哪個途徑。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">樂於協助與友誼〈<span lang="IT">Solidarietà ed Amicizia</span>〉<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">樂於協助是每一位要還給社會的債款,因為每一位的能力和財富都是以前和現在的社會對他的貢獻。收到多少還給社會多少,符合公平原則。『愛別人如己』這個基督徒的原則完全反映樂於協助的意思。樂於協助與友誼這兩個價值觀在義大利人看來挺重要的。觀察了義大利文常用的諺語之後,可以看得出義大利人多麼重視互相協助以及合作。以下面列出的諺語為例。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Alla china tutti i santi si aiutano.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">患難中所有的聖人都互相幫助。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Cent’oche ammazzano un lupo.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">一群鵝殺死一支狼。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>L’unione fa la forza.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">團結等於力量。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Vedono più quattro occhi che due.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">兩雙眼睛看得比一雙眼睛更清楚。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Un pò per uno e non fa male a nessuno.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>每一位做一點點,誰都不吃苦。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">樂於協助是互相依靠。樂於協助並不僅是對他人的痛苦的體恤或表面憐憫,反而是堅定和有忍耐性的決心努力提倡大家的裨益,就是說保護我們自己和人家的裨益,因為大家負責大家的裨益。為了幫助人家最好的方法是使用具體的行動。除此之外,還要在別人需要幫助的時候,馬上採取行動,的確不要延期或等太久,因為太晚才付出的幫助的效能不強。以下的諺語就強調這一點。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Chi dà dove bisogna acquista loda.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">誰在有需要的地方付出,誰值得稱讚。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Chi dona tosto dona due volte.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">誰立刻捐款,誰捐了兩次。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>La santità sta nelle mani non nelle parole.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>聖潔位於手裡而不位於嘴巴上。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">付出的時候,千萬不要指望別人的感激或回饋。要協助人家的動力來自無私的心裡。所以,幫了別人的忙之後,要立刻忘記剛才付出了多少。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Fa il bene e scordati.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>要行善以及忘記。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtWbULPJ5AO21hlgwj7zh2K9YgHJHxrgEKTPf6MPXiA6k6syKbtjNi7Ae5SPWqxbLsGH022d7Dn5M6N1xD8lk52ondAnZRSiey5swYQvO3NMcST48_sJFZY-I1ce1ajh8iDo8nELYsHXgx/s1600/amicizia+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtWbULPJ5AO21hlgwj7zh2K9YgHJHxrgEKTPf6MPXiA6k6syKbtjNi7Ae5SPWqxbLsGH022d7Dn5M6N1xD8lk52ondAnZRSiey5swYQvO3NMcST48_sJFZY-I1ce1ajh8iDo8nELYsHXgx/s1600/amicizia+2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">樂於協助與友誼息息相關的。真正的朋友隨時,尤其是面對困難的時候,樂義幫忙,支持,鼓勵以及安慰。難怪不同文化都同意真正的友誼是無價之寶。義大利文的諺語也顯示這一點:</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Gli amici hanno la borsa legata con un filo di
ragnatela.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">朋友以一線蜘蛛網來綁他的手提包。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i> Chi trova
un amico trova un tesoro.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">找到了一個朋友,找到了一個珍寶。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>L’amico vero si vede nei momenti di difficoltà.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>患難中見真情。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">萬物中任何值得敬重東西比不上友誼。事實上友誼促進團結以及保持並提倡道德。所有人都為了達到任何大目標需要它的支持,因為富裕中友誼不多餘,患難中也不拋棄。友誼促進最偉大的享樂,事實上任何有趣的活動無友誼變成無趣,相反的任何有困難性的事情,有它就變成輕而易舉。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">誠實〈<span lang="IT">Onestà</span>〉<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvv7DBgKbBjhhKf18ySUjmkfkkFlEGW362umP1XzvGkueJWF2PkHkSTYuL-BAiDZP62oux1DZF7WiGlayCFFVBOmjvislc6iAAXT-8F_FjQQsoungJ7s_kdnBxmaSnQOsuaapsdLMM4BM3/s1600/onest.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvv7DBgKbBjhhKf18ySUjmkfkkFlEGW362umP1XzvGkueJWF2PkHkSTYuL-BAiDZP62oux1DZF7WiGlayCFFVBOmjvislc6iAAXT-8F_FjQQsoungJ7s_kdnBxmaSnQOsuaapsdLMM4BM3/s1600/onest.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">根據義大利文的諺語,誠實之心除了吸引別人的尊重之外,也可以獲得很多成就。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Con la verità si arriva dappertutto.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">真心之心獲得任何成就。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>Onestà di bocca assai vale e poco costa.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">說真話既寶貴且不難。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Onestà e gentilezza sopravanza ogni bellezza.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><i>誠實與親切勝過任何美麗。</i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">你們呢?你們最認同以上哪一個諺語呢?<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">參考書目</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Paola Guazzotti, Maria Federica Oddera</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">,《<span lang="IT">Il grande dizionario dei proverbi
italiani</span>》,<span lang="IT"> Zanichelli</span>,<span lang="IT">2006<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-55006299894290642182012-05-27T09:20:00.000-07:002016-03-22T21:59:12.503-07:00義大利諺語—審美觀<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtw9OCYvO6X_xBROkjk-8igFAHRxIfqwHen4918ZiEFI73Tl_99YegUt_uOzYy2UKMchHZNs0dQ0vGYHmb85np9IEyoTiaj759hVA_zGpDGWg48PHeQeg8dWBAtFCHbPAdj6tDBjwnEm1G/s1600/monica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtw9OCYvO6X_xBROkjk-8igFAHRxIfqwHen4918ZiEFI73Tl_99YegUt_uOzYy2UKMchHZNs0dQ0vGYHmb85np9IEyoTiaj759hVA_zGpDGWg48PHeQeg8dWBAtFCHbPAdj6tDBjwnEm1G/s1600/monica.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Monica Bellucci</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;">Anche l’occhio vuole la sua
parte.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">眼睛也有它的權利。</span></span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT"><span style="color: #b45f06;"> Bella faccia il cuore allaccia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">漂亮的面孔吸引人家的心。</span></span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Non è bello ciò che è bello,
ma è bello ciò che piace.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">情人眼裡出西施。</span></span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Chi è brutta, e bella vuol
parere, pena patisce, per bella parere.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">想長得很漂亮的醜女孩子,為了長得很美要受苦。</span></span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Dove manca natura, arte
procura.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;">技術補充大自然給的缺點。</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT"><span style="color: #b45f06;">Cosa troppo vista, perde
grazia e vista.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">常看到的東西失去美麗和耀眼。</span></span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-62780173759016898742012-05-27T09:14:00.000-07:002016-03-22T21:59:12.513-07:00義大利諺語—身材<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5VIaOukQ-Ma-Tx8ZXIxvlbWqsvuM9akpQaFpNCVyHDMWfo4V3Rq0gqiOOREJPpu6M-BZM-6YOqfACxoXBbMUTW4rYOBmVuhKQVrxmgTHaVsEsinEI3_ksEhw37U4dnkdLPHsV4jYghVd7/s1600/riccardo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5VIaOukQ-Ma-Tx8ZXIxvlbWqsvuM9akpQaFpNCVyHDMWfo4V3Rq0gqiOOREJPpu6M-BZM-6YOqfACxoXBbMUTW4rYOBmVuhKQVrxmgTHaVsEsinEI3_ksEhw37U4dnkdLPHsV4jYghVd7/s1600/riccardo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Riccardo Scamarcio</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Uomo piccolo uomo ardito.<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">長不高的男子就是個大膽</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的人。</span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Uomo peloso, pazzo o virtuoso.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">毛髮多的男子,不是瘋狂的人就是君子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Uomo peloso, uomo forzoso.<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">毛髮多的男子很有體力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Donna barbuta, donna forzuta.<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有鬍子的女子很有體力。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Donna pelosa donna virtuosa.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">毛髮多的女子就是心地善良的人。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Donne e sardine son
bone piccoline.<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">銀魚與女子小的就是好的。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">In botte piccola
c’è il vino buono.<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">在小的木酒桶裡才有好喝的紅酒。</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Altezza mezza
bellezza.<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;">有高度等於一半美麗。</span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-64491200502088190712012-05-15T08:03:00.002-07:002012-05-15T08:03:44.390-07:00對比歐洲與中國的宇宙論傳說<br />
<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盤古與</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Demiurge<o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">在大部分關於盤古的傳說中,都有如下內容:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">「天地初生時模糊一團,盤古就在這模糊一片的天地中誕生。經過</span><span lang="EN-US">18000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">年,盤古用一把利斧破開天地。清而輕的東西上升形成天;重而濁的東西下沉</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">形成地。盤古怕天地重新合攏,於是頂天立地支撐其間。天每日昇高</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">丈,盤古也每日長高</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">丈。再經歷</span><span lang="EN-US">18000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">年,盤古死去,身上的器官變化成天地間的萬</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">物:身體變為高山,肌肉變成良田,血液成為江河,筋骨變成大路,牙齒變為玉石,皮毛變成草木</span><span lang="EN-US">...</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">」</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj27RRq-cnu6v70kFl-uNaeUGIhKdqQpXYZqJD3Qr_CFkhq8r3NLnt79ghVp8X606-eBOowiTWveHPJNZe3Xb2hLAG40NUnlVZ-8tPQCVPlFhVhOzI_711OccY4gqEVNl1dn4f9BFFfJcSf/s1600/demiurge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj27RRq-cnu6v70kFl-uNaeUGIhKdqQpXYZqJD3Qr_CFkhq8r3NLnt79ghVp8X606-eBOowiTWveHPJNZe3Xb2hLAG40NUnlVZ-8tPQCVPlFhVhOzI_711OccY4gqEVNl1dn4f9BFFfJcSf/s1600/demiurge.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Demiurge by William Blake</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 36pt;">Demiurge</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">”,【希臘語,“</span><span style="text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 36pt;">δημιουργός</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">”】,這個詞的意思是“裝作者、工匠、工藝師”。按照柏拉圖在《<span lang="EN-US">Timaeus</span>》所寫的,起初宇宙很混亂,所以<span lang="EN-US">Demiurge</span>力下決心整理一切。既然祂不是一個創造者,跟聖經裡的上帝截然不同。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">: </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Demiurge</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">與盤古的對比顯示歐洲人和華人對宇宙的不同觀念。華人的宇宙是從盤古的身體而來的,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Demiurge</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">反而卻在宇宙外面。對華人來說,宇宙裡沒有甚麼二分法,他們認為大自然是同質的;但希臘哲學把宇宙分裂成理想世界與自然世界。此外,按照西方的觀念,人是通過對比才能認識他們周圍的現實;反觀華人<u>則</u>認為既然宇宙是同質的,分裂和對比根本阻礙人對現實的了解。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人類的創造</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_bVlGUioIOdBCoVCgjj4u5BHk_GWjq5MvFpCSjtkTqxlMi6WDp_N2h8rz-eQUm3FNOcjPM95Sxpd4roPdfYapv8aX6AudWY5yVa7uihw_4gv2XlHlq3LNNAHyABA6afjVy74-AtuwJ12f/s1600/%E5%A5%B3%E5%AA%A7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_bVlGUioIOdBCoVCgjj4u5BHk_GWjq5MvFpCSjtkTqxlMi6WDp_N2h8rz-eQUm3FNOcjPM95Sxpd4roPdfYapv8aX6AudWY5yVa7uihw_4gv2XlHlq3LNNAHyABA6afjVy74-AtuwJ12f/s1600/%E5%A5%B3%E5%AA%A7.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">根據盤古的傳說,人是從祂的毛的跳蚤而來的。按照女媧的傳說,女媧用黃河的泥土來創造人。祂起初一個一個塑造人,但是以後因為不耐煩而不用心地創造人:祂在泥土上甩打繩子,出現的水滴就變成人。結果,人類是不完美的。聖經裡的創造者卻不一樣。祂不但用祂的智慧和超自然能力來創造完美的一對夫妻,而且準備給他們住在一個舒適的樂園。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">: </span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">惡的來源是甚麼呢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 36pt;">? </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">按照西方的傳說,世界本來是完美的,惡就是犯罪帶來了的後果。根據華人的宇宙論傳說,陰和陽、善和惡是原來就有的而且不可分開。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">根據西方的觀念,人在世界的中心,其他的萬物都是為了他而創造的:上帝為了讓人完全地欣賞生活而創造了花、鳥、水果等等。在華人文化裡則是人和其他萬物的地位平等,人在宇宙中沒有甚麼關鍵的角色,事實上女媧創造人類的時候根本沒有特別注意細節。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-10429157879769182622012-05-15T07:35:00.002-07:002016-03-22T21:58:43.997-07:00語言視界與文化視界<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">『語言是文化本身的基礎』</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">既然『語言是文化本身的基礎』,所以我們可以通過語言的研究和分析深入地了解某個民族的思維、精神和對世界的理解,我們甚至於能了解那個民族的歷史和社會上的變通以及發展。關於這一點,<u>沃爾特司各脫</u>的最著名小說</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">《</span><span lang="EN-US">Ivanhoe</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">》</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">可以帶來很大的啟發。在</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">《</span><span lang="EN-US">Ivanhoe</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">》</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">的第二章</span><span lang="EN-US">Wamba</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Gurth</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">,兩個</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">撒克遜</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">僕人交談。從他們的對話中我們可以發現英語詞彙上的一個差別:英文的“豬”是</span>“<span lang="EN-US">swine</span>”<span style="font-size: large;">但是英文的“豬肉”是</span>“<span lang="EN-US">pork</span>”<span style="font-size: large;">;英文的“牛”是</span>“<span lang="EN-US">ox</span>”<span style="font-size: large;">但是英文的“牛肉”是</span>“<span lang="EN-US">beef</span>”<span style="font-size: large;">。為何詞彙上有這個差異呢?畢竟這些詞指的是同樣的動物。</span></span></span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 36pt;">在第一世紀,來自北法的一個民族名叫諾曼人統治</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 36pt;">撒克遜</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 36pt;">人,</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">英國的原住民。</span>“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #b45f06; text-indent: 36pt;">beef</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">”<span style="font-size: large;">和</span>“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #b45f06; text-indent: 36pt;">pork</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">”</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 36pt;">是來自諾曼人的方言的詞,</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #b45f06; text-indent: 36pt;">ox</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">”</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 36pt;">和</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #b45f06; text-indent: 36pt;">swine</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 36pt;">”</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 36pt;">則是</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 36pt;">撒克遜</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 36pt;">僕人的方言,就是他們負責養牲畜而不是諾曼人。因此,語言反映出那個時代的社會階層和歷史背景。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">『語言反映出母語者的環境和習慣』<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8nSTNqiFAulw5I-STjDoS94VaIo9pOhBnPl4-hQepIX67W_E69LT8zGZOstWbo8ZxP35yKYnSuSiBPA7PxsWajk1ojNEwC7UZKJSznMi1WEAdaaNrUDUMQwz8LkBsJl2R8Erf8KeiKPp9/s1600/%E7%8E%A9%E6%B0%B4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8nSTNqiFAulw5I-STjDoS94VaIo9pOhBnPl4-hQepIX67W_E69LT8zGZOstWbo8ZxP35yKYnSuSiBPA7PxsWajk1ojNEwC7UZKJSznMi1WEAdaaNrUDUMQwz8LkBsJl2R8Erf8KeiKPp9/s320/%E7%8E%A9%E6%B0%B4.JPG" width="211" /></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;">為了支持這個假說我會提到兩個跟華人文化有關的例子。</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: -18pt;">華語裡的親屬名稱特別多。這就是因為對華人親戚關係和人際關係十分重要的。每次需要處理事情,華人會問自己:『我有沒有某個管道能幫助我?』</span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large; text-indent: -18pt;">華人去海邊的時候喜歡“玩水”,但是歐洲人在海邊的習慣根本不同。歐洲人在海邊不是游泳就是曬太陽,不然打排球。因此,既然歐洲人沒有“玩水”的習慣,他們的語言缺乏某個相對的詞。這種現象會造成一些翻譯的困難。</span><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">同樣,義大利文收錄相當多有關黑手黨的辭彙,但是因為在其他國家的社會裡這個現象沒有同樣的勢力,因而他們的語言的詞彙系統缺乏精確的相對。</span></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-38495648208258001122012-02-23T08:55:00.001-08:002016-03-22T21:58:44.006-07:00以外語說“謝謝”其實沒有我們想像中那麼容易<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">一開始學外語我們平常首先學習的是怎麼說“謝謝”。可惜老師不教我們在哪些場合要說或不應該說“謝謝”。該疏忽造成學生的不少困擾,導致他們遇到挺多的尷尬場面。台灣人在如下的情況使用“謝謝”:收受別人實質物質</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">交予</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">傳遞</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">接受或請求別人的幫助</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">接受別人的言詞</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">發表了演講之後</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">學生離開教室時</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">下公車的時候乘客向司機說“謝謝”,司機也回應“謝謝”。請注意,歐洲人在最後兩個場合絕對不會說“謝謝”,因此這種“謝謝”的用法是台灣人的特色。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">現在講述一下兩個好笑的經驗,證明文化差距對第二語言的說者會造成甚麼困擾,以及導致甚麼尷尬的情況。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">台灣人使用“謝謝”來委婉地表達拒絕的意思,但是在義大利“謝謝”表達接受的意思;如果想拒絕的話就會在“謝謝”前面加上“不”,即“<span lang="EN-US">No, grazie!</span>”。這個台灣人和義大利人使用“謝謝”上的差別常常教我出醜,而且令我最懊惱的是我根本不了解哪裡錯了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">比方說,買東西的時候,算帳的小姐會問:“要袋子嗎?”。我馬上回答“謝謝”來表示“要”的意思,那個小姐居然不給我袋子。在那個剎那,我開始反省自己:『哪裡說錯了,發音不清楚?還是聲調不行?難道我連“謝謝”也不會說?如果我說對了,為何那個小姐的反應跟我預期的不同?』。手上拿著我買了的東西,回途上我不斷思考這些問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyZrgG7DMdVpYM9xnVGetmm5Y5HYNphccbkxe3CuU8GkvZnOLc2WlFosNhfQC79a1vmqLNFFu4wYilZrk2QbgB9Pts7InUhzKvy3IJt7QyoV7zqA58cPILmUdFdlWmBIAiSApy12Pt_DQ4/s1600/%E8%B0%A2%E8%B0%A22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyZrgG7DMdVpYM9xnVGetmm5Y5HYNphccbkxe3CuU8GkvZnOLc2WlFosNhfQC79a1vmqLNFFu4wYilZrk2QbgB9Pts7InUhzKvy3IJt7QyoV7zqA58cPILmUdFdlWmBIAiSApy12Pt_DQ4/s1600/%E8%B0%A2%E8%B0%A22.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">有一天在朋友的家聚餐。主人拿著茶壺問我:『你還要嗎?』我端著杯子回應:『謝謝!』她有一點困惑地問:『你到底要不要?』。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">由此可見,為了執行有效的溝通,外語的學習者除了熟悉文法、發音等能力,還要深入地了解文化差距。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-72537340358690998002012-02-21T08:03:00.001-08:002016-03-22T21:58:44.033-07:00漢語的『有』和義大利文的『avere』對比分析<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">義大利學習者開始接觸漢語的時候,得知漢語的『有』可以翻譯成義大利文的『</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">avere</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">』。雖然這兩個動詞的意思很像,但句法結構上的差異也不少。此報告的目標不是太深入地分析這兩個動詞的差異或類似點,也不是要證明上面的主張多麼不恰當。反而,本文目標是要介紹這兩個動詞的主要差別,進而提出此差異容易導致義大利學習者犯哪些錯誤。</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">本報告進行分析中,以漢語的『有』為主,先列出『有』在漢語詞彙系統裡表達甚麼意思以及充當甚麼語法功能,再跟義大利文的『<span lang="EN-US">avere</span>』對比。根據</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">《現代漢語辭典》,『有』這個動詞包含七項主要定義。此報告將從這七項定義開始分析。</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">表示領有〈跟“無、沒”相對〉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li>
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(1)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">我<b>有</b>《現代漢語辭典》。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Io <b>ho</b> il “Dizionario del cinese moderno”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(2)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">她<b>有</b>兩個孩子。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Lei <b>ha</b> due bambini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(3)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這種圓珠筆我也<b>有</b>的。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Questa biro ce l’<b>ho</b> anche io.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(4)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">你<b>有</b>汽車</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">嗎</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">?</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Hai</span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> l’auto?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以上的例句顯示,表示領有的意思時,漢語的『有』和義大利文的『<span lang="IT">avere</span>』是完全相對的。雖然意思上沒有任何差別,但是它們形式不同:句子裡的『有』沒有甚麼變化,『<span lang="IT">avere</span>』則隨著句子的主語的人稱變換結尾。現在時第一人稱單數為『<span lang="IT">ho</span>』,現在時第二人稱為『<span lang="IT">hai</span>』與現在時第三人稱複數為『<span lang="IT">ha</span>』。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">義大利文也把『<span lang="IT">avere</span>』用來描述人的外在和內在特色,年齡等。例如:<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;"> Lei <b>ha </b>una bella voce.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">她<b>有</b>甜美的歌喉。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Lei <b>ha</b> i capelli biondi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">她<b>有</b>金頭髮。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Lei <b>ha</b> creatività.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">她<b>有</b>創造力。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Lei <b>ha</b> tre anni.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">她三歲了。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">以上的例句有很多相似的地方。只有最後一句才顯示有差別:義大利文為了表示年齡利用『<span lang="IT">avere</span>』,漢語則不一樣。為了表示年齡漢語使用名詞性謂語句,即謂語由名詞或名詞性短語構成的。但是,如果說話者要強調對方年齡已經不少,就會運用『有<span lang="IT">+</span>年齡<span lang="IT">+</span>了』的結構。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Ha</span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> novantanni suonati!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">他<b>有</b>九十歲了!<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">表示存在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li>
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(5)<b><i> </i></b></span><b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">風!</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">C’è</span></u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> vento!<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(6)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">樹上<b>有</b>兩隻小鳥。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Ci sono</span></u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> due uccellini sull’albero.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(7)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">桌子上<b>有</b>兩本書。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Ci sono</span></u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> due libri sul tavolo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(8)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">屋子裡桌子也<b>有</b>,椅子也<b>有</b>,就差幾個書架。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Ci sono </span></u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">sia il tavolo che le sedie nella camera, mancano solo degli scaffali.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(9)<b><i> </i></b></span><b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">人嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">C’è</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> qualcuno?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以上的例句顯示,為了表達存在的意思義大利文不利用『<span lang="EN-US">avere</span>』,而用『<span lang="EN-US">c’è</span>、<span lang="EN-US">ci sono</span>』此結構。『<span lang="EN-US">ci</span>』是個“地點小品詞”,它的用法跟一般代詞很像,它替代的是指處所的名詞。『</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">è</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">』和『<span lang="EN-US">sono</span>』分別是義大利文中動詞『<span lang="EN-US">essere</span>〈是〉』在第三人稱單數和複數的現在時</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">隨著主謂的賓語如果是單數,就要使用『<span lang="EN-US">c’è</span>』,如例句<span lang="EN-US"> (5) </span>和<span lang="EN-US"> (9)</span>,賓語分別是單數“<span lang="EN-US">vento</span>→〈風〉”和“<span lang="EN-US">qualcuno</span>→ 〈某人〉”;如果是複數的話就要使用『<span lang="EN-US">ci sono</span>』,如例句<span lang="EN-US"> (6) </span>和<span lang="EN-US"> (7)</span>,賓語分別是複數“<span lang="EN-US">uccellini</span>→〈小鳥〉”和 “<span lang="EN-US">libri</span>→〈書〉”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">關於存在句必要強調另一個差別。在漢語的系統裡,方位詞屬於名詞類,在義大利文的系統裡,則是介詞。這並不僅是分類上的差異,因為句法結構上也造成了不同的現象。為了察覺句法結構上的差異,我們分析例句<span lang="EN-US"> (7)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">『<span lang="EN-US">sul</span>』介詞翻譯成中文的方位詞『上』的意思。『<span lang="EN-US">sul</span>』,像所有介詞一樣位於名詞『<span lang="EN-US">tavolo</span>→〈桌子〉』的前面,反之,中文裡『上』位於名詞的後面,而且被名詞修飾。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">『桌子上』充當的句法成分是主語,『<span lang="EN-US">sul tavolo</span>』則充當的是補語的成分。『兩本書』充當的句法成分是賓語,『<span lang="EN-US">due libri</span>』則充當的是主語。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">語序。根據義大利文的句法結構,句子裡的成分可以自由地移位,也不影響句子的邏輯性和準確性。然而,語義上會有不同的色彩。例如,『<u><span lang="EN-US">sul tavolo</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> ci sono due libri</span>』,這個句子強調的是處所,『<u><span lang="EN-US">due libri</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> ci sono sul tavolo</span>』,這個句子則強調的是數量和事物。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">相反的,漢語句法結構沒有義大利文那麼彈性。例如:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">*</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">兩本書有桌子上。<span lang="EN-US"> *</span>有兩本書桌子上。<a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/articoli%20per%20il%20blog/analisi%20comparativa%20avere.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">表示達到一定的數量或某種程度<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(10)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這條魚<b>有</b>四公斤「重」。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Questo pesce pesa quattro chili.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(11)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">從這裡到天安門大概<b>有</b>五公里。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Da qui a piazza Tiananmen ci saranno all’incirca cinque chilometri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(12)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">他<b>有</b>他哥哥那麼高了。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">E’ alto <u>quanto</u> il fratello.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(13)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">誰<b>有</b>他認得的人那麼多?</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Chi conosce tante persone <u>quanto</u> lui?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以上的例句顯示,表示</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">達到一定的數量或某種程度</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">時,漢語的『有』和義大利文的『<span lang="IT">avere</span>』不是相對的。按照例句 <span lang="IT">(12) </span>和 <span lang="IT">(13)</span>,漢語把『有』用來比較兩個事物或人:有<span lang="IT">... </span>「<span lang="IT">+ </span>那麼」<span lang="IT">+ </span>形,此結構是漢語特殊結構。義大利文則是利用副詞『<span lang="IT">quanto</span>』來表示類似的意思。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">表達發生或出現<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(14)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">他母親<b>有</b>病了。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Sua madre si è ammalata.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(15)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">形势<b>有</b>了新發展。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">La situazione <b>ha avuto</b> nuovi sviluppi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(16)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">他在大家的幫助下<b>有</b>了很大的進步。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Grazie all’aiuto di tutti, lui ha fatto grandi progressi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以上的例句顯示,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">表達發生或出現</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">時,漢語的『有』和義大利文的『<span lang="IT">avere</span>』不是完全相對的。義大利文的『<span lang="IT">avere</span>』則用來表達感覺,例如:<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Ho</span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> fame.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">我很餓。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Ho</span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> sete.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">我很渴。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Ho</span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> freddo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">我很冷。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Ho</span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> la febbre.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">我發燒了。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">表達所領有的某種事物〈常為抽象的〉多或大<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(17)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">他可是<b>有年紀</b>了。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Ma lui <b>ha</b> una certa età.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(18)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這個人<b>有學問</b>。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Questa è una persona istruita.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(19)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">你比我<b>有經驗</b>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Tu <b>hai</b> più esperienza di me.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以上的例句顯示,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">表達所領有的某種事物〈常為抽象的〉多或大</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">時,漢語的『有』和義大利文的『<span lang="IT">avere</span>』到某個程度是相對的。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">泛指</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">跟</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">某</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">”</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的作用相近</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(20)<i> </i></span><b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有一天</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">他來了。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Un giorno</span></u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> lui è venuto.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(21)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">他<b>有一次</b>提到過這件事。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Lui <u>una volta</u> ha sollevato questa questione.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(22)<i> </i></span><b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有人</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這麼說,我可沒看見。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Alcuni</span></u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> dicono così, ma io non l’ho notato.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以上的例句顯示,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">為了表達“某”的意思</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,漢語可以使用『有』,義大利文則使用『不定冠詞<span lang="IT">+</span>名詞』的結構或不定代詞『<span lang="IT">alcuno</span>』。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">用在“人、時候、地方”前面,表示一部份<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(23)<i> </i></span><b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有人</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">性子急,<b>有人</b>性子慢。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Alcuni</span></u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> sono frettolosi, altri sono lenti.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(24)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這裡<b>有時候</b>也能熱到三十八九度。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Anche qui a volte la temperatura raggiunge i trentotto trentanove gradi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(25)<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這場雨<b>有地方</b>下到了</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span></i><b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有地方</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">沒下到。</span></i><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">Ha piovuto in <u>alcuni</u> posti , e in altri no.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">以上的例句顯示,義大利文在表達相同的意思時,跟漢語不同,它運用的不是『<span lang="IT">avere</span>』,而是不定形容詞和代詞『<span lang="IT">alcuno</span>、<span lang="IT">qualcuno</span>』。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">以下的表格顯示漢語和義大利文的主要差別和相似點。<span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">漢語</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">義大利文</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">表示領有</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: large;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: large;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">表示存在</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: large;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: large;">_<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">表示達到一定的數量或某一種程度</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: large;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: large;">_<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">表示發生或出現</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">_<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">表示所領有的某種事物多或大</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: large;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">_<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">泛</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">指,跟“某”的作用相近</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">_<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: large;">用在“人、時候、地方”前面,表示一部份<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">+<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.6pt;" valign="top" width="197"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">_<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">結論</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以上的表格顯示漢語的『有』與義大利文的『</span><span lang="EN-US">avere</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">』的類似點其實不多。所以,對義大利學習者,掌握『有』動詞的所有用法並不容易。再說,因為母語的影響,初級的學習者會犯相當多的錯誤,例如:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="IT">*</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">上桌子有兩本書</span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。</span> <span lang="EN-US"> *</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">我有二十歲。</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: large;">Sul tavolo ci sono due libri. Ho ventanni.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">參考書</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">《現代漢語八百詞》</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">《漢語八千詞辭典》</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">《現代漢語辭典》,中國社會科學院語言研究所辭典編輯室編,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">商務印書館</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,北京,</span><span lang="EN-US">2007</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">M.A.K Halliday</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,《</span><span lang="EN-US">Studies in Chinese Language</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">》,</span> <span lang="EN-US">Continuum</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">London</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">Li Dejin</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Cheng Meizhen</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">《</span><span lang="EN-US">A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">》,</span><span lang="EN-US">Sinolingua</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">Beijing <o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">邵敬敏,《現代漢語通輪》,上海教育出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US">2009</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="IT">Emanuele Banfi</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,《</span><span lang="IT">Italiano/L2 di cinesi</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">》,</span><span lang="IT"> Franco Angeli</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="IT">Milano</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="IT">2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="IT">Luca Serianni</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,《</span><span lang="IT">Grammatica italiana</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">》,</span><span lang="IT">UTET</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="IT">Torino</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="IT">1991<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="IT">Susanna Nocchi</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,《實用義大利語語法》,</span><span lang="IT">Alma edizioni</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="IT">Firenze</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="IT">2008<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br clear="all" /></span><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/articoli%20per%20il%20blog/analisi%20comparativa%20avere.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">但是,中文可以說『有兩本書<b>在</b>桌子上』。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8613246998251452430.post-60761778942240039582012-02-16T08:22:00.000-08:002016-03-22T21:59:12.508-07:00義大利文化的禁忌<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">忌諱的數字</span></b><b><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">義大利人十分忌諱『十三』和『星期五』。傳說認為是起源於基督教徒的信仰。耶穌遇難前最後一次聚餐的人數正好就是『十三』。時至今日,宴請的人數也要避免十三人;飯店、醫院沒有十三號房間;餐廳沒有十三號桌;電車、公共汽車沒有十三路車。此外,耶穌被釘在十字架上的『受難日』是星期五,亞當和夏娃被逐出樂園的日子也是星期五,所以星期五也被視為不吉利的日子。義大利人也十分忌諱『十七』和『星期二』。事實上,諺語說『</span><span lang="IT">Di venere e di marte non si sposa e non si parte, nè si da principio all’arte</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">』,即『星期五和星期二不可結婚,不可出發,也不可開始任何工作』。因此,義大利人在安排宴會、聚餐、婚禮、旅行、開幕典禮等活動時,也都特意避開星期五和星期二。如果星期五或星期二那天碰巧又是十三或十七號,那麼辦事就更要格外地忌諱了。</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">避忌措施</span></b><b><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">根據《語言禁忌》,『通常的避忌措施有三種。一是閉口不說,即所謂『噤言』;二是改稱求吉,即用各種手段破除掉凶語,而用其他變通的形式代替之;三是禳解,即在前兩種方式無效的情況下,進一步採取的防止凶禍發生的積極措施,其中包括使用咒罵語的形式』。比方說,『棺材板』裡的『棺』寫成『官』。還有,義大利人不敢說『</span><span lang="IT">morire</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→死』這個詞,而使用別的詞來代替之,如『</span><span lang="IT">è passato a miglior vita</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→在過更美好的生活』、『</span><span lang="IT"> Dio l’ha voluto con sè</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→上帝叫他去祂身邊』、『</span><span lang="IT"> è andato in cielo</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→升天了』、『</span><span lang="IT">se ne è andato</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→他走了』、『</span><span lang="IT"> si è sacrificato per la patria</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→為了國家犧牲了自己的生命』、『</span><span lang="IT"> ha dato la sua vita per un nobile scopo</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→為了很光榮的目標捐軀』、『</span><span lang="IT"> ha sacrificato ciò che è più caro</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→犧牲了最寶貴的東西』、『</span><span lang="IT">ha raggiunto i suoi cari</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→去和天上的親人團聚』等。再者,義大利社會中,也向華人一樣,性器官的詞語是一種褻瀆詞。所以,要用『</span><span lang="IT">lì dove non batte mai il sole</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→曬不到太陽之處』、『</span><span lang="IT">farfallina</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→小蝴蝶』、『</span><span lang="IT">le parti intime</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">→私處』等詞語來替代。最後,看到不吉利的動物和事物如黑貓、載棺材的車子,或聽到不吉利的話,義大利人要摸摸鐵做的東西來化解;若是男生,還可摸一下自己的性器官或者比出如插圖</span>中<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的手勢來趨吉避凶。(要注意的是,圖中的手勢得朝下比。)</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif4CtM3vt1scBSom8JlLpp57Rue4lSl97OMvp8O61yj0zWvO-0sQyYi9CDKRjwh4a7dM2fG28JOfUSjh43Ap3P2kRdfR4JRbDIKngcMEIn2Rm_SmBJgrPzg1O6_dbM4JOoa_9bMBJLwCQq/s1600/corna.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif4CtM3vt1scBSom8JlLpp57Rue4lSl97OMvp8O61yj0zWvO-0sQyYi9CDKRjwh4a7dM2fG28JOfUSjh43Ap3P2kRdfR4JRbDIKngcMEIn2Rm_SmBJgrPzg1O6_dbM4JOoa_9bMBJLwCQq/s1600/corna.bmp" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">根據《語言禁忌》,『各種社會集團都有自己的吉凶觀、利害觀、榮辱觀,這就形成了各種不同的語言禁忌的風格特色』。譬如說,在義大利黑貓是個不吉利的動物,但是在其他社會中卻沒有一樣的意思。在華人社會中,白色是個不吉利的顏色,義大利人則覺得黑色才算是不吉利的。</span></span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Sialihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12530067581356357587noreply@blogger.com0